제2단계 2차년도 현지조사(양철준)

현지 조사, , , , ,
양철준2-2(KU)

양철준 HK연구교수는 2단계 1차년도 현지조사와 동일한 맥락과 의도로 2015년 1월 19일부터 2월 14일까지 케냐타대학교와 키완자 지역에서 현지조사를 수행했다. 표준화된 설문지를 케냐타대학교 학생들에게 제공하여 코드 전환의 동기와 기능 및 개별 언어에 대한 인식과 태도를 조사했다. 또 설문지를 이용한 조사에서 미진한 부분을 보완하기 위해 키완자 지역에서 인터뷰와 참여관찰을 했다. 그리고 나이로비대학교와 케냐타대학교 교수들과 면담을 실시하고 자문을 구했다. 또한 설문지에서 누락된 항목이나 미비한 사항들에 대한 점검을 위해, 학생들과의 인터뷰를 통해 코드 전환을 통해 어떤 사회‧심리적 효과를 거두는지에 대한 답변을 들었다. 연구 결과는『아프리카硏究』제38호에 “코드전환의 동기와 기능에 대한 화자 중심적 관점: 케냐 나이로비 케냐타대학교 학생들의 사례”란 제목으로 게재되었다.

 

Questionnaire

The following questions will enable us to have a better understanding of your language attitudes and dispositions in everyday situations. This questionnaire also aims at analyzing language use and language background as well as code-switching among university students in Nairobi, Kenya. It consists of 40 items. You are kindly requested to note that not all items may apply to you at the individual level. If you think that a certain item does not apply to you, you may evade by crossing out the item. If you need more space for any of your answers, you can attach additional pages on the back side of each page. In case of questions with multiple choice answers, you can select your answer by ticking the appropriate answer.

Definitions of Terms: The term ‘code-switching’ in this questionnaire refers to the alternation between two or more languages or dialects. An ethnic group here is defined as a category of people who identify with each other on the basis of common historical and socio-cultural experiences, and who share the same native language.

  1. Biographical information of the participants-9 items
  2. Age:
  3. Gender:
  4. Place of birth:

– Where were you brought up?

〇 Urban area 〇 Rural area

  1. Primary/Preferred language (not necessarily mother tongue):
  2. Father’s ethnic group (in case of exogamous marriages, you can indicate both groups):
  3. Mother’s ethnic group (in case of exogamous marriages, you can indicate both groups):
  4. University education

– Which university:

– Your specialization:

– Subjects you have taken and are taking:

  1. Religion:
  2. Social class (three-stratum model)

〇 Upper class 〇 Middle class 〇 Lower class

  1. Language use and background-5 items
  2. What is the primary/preferred language in everyday situations? You may list more than one.
  3. What is the language that you learned as a child? You may list more than one.
  4. What is your preferred language when you have a conversation in the following situations?

〇 social groupings:

〇 institutional and formal settings (lecture halls, governmental offices, health facilities, educational establishments, official ceremonies, etc.):

〇 informal encounters (social gatherings, club houses, restaurants, etc.):

〇 upmarket shops:

〇 village/street shops:

  1. What may be an appropriate language during your conversations with the following people?

〇 your grand-parents:

〇 your parents:

〇 brothers and sisters/siblings:

〇 your fellow students and colleagues:

〇 professors and lecturers at the university:

〇 people from your ethnic group:

〇 shopkeepers or street vendors you are familiar with:

〇 strangers on the street/people you are not familiar with:

〇 government officials:

  1. What was your preferred medium of communication?

〇 at primary/elementary school:

〇 at secondary school:

〇 at the university:

III. Language Attitudes and Dispositions/Views about Languages-11 items

  1. Do you think your ethnic language is central to your identity?

〇 yes 〇 not really 〇 no

  1. Maintaining your ethnic language strong is essential to you.

〇 Strongly agree 〇 Agree 〇 Unsure 〇 Disagree 〇 Strongly disagree

  1. Ethnic languages should be taught in the official educational system in Kenya?

〇 Strongly agree 〇 Agree 〇 Unsure 〇 Disagree 〇 Strongly disagree

  1. It is important for ethnic language speakers to pass on their language to future generations.

〇 Strongly agree 〇 Agree 〇 Unsure 〇 Disagree 〇 Strongly disagree

  1. Do you think the way one speaks is predetermined by social milieu/field/domain and the person with whom you have a conversation?

〇 Yes 〇 Not really 〇 No

  1. If yes, why do you feel that way? Explain it in a more detailed way.
  2. Which language or dialect is accorded relatively higher prestige in Kenya?

〇 Standard English 〇 Standard Kenyan English 〇 Swahili 〇 Sheng

〇 Ethnic languages

  1. Which language could be considered as linguistic capital for your future?

〇 Standard English 〇 Standard Kenyan English 〇 Swahili 〇 Sheng

〇 Ethnic languages

  1. Do you think Kenyan English has a separate identity today?

〇 Yes 〇 Not really 〇 No

  1. Sheng is a socially stigmatized means of communication.

〇 Strongly agree 〇 Agree 〇 Unsure 〇 Disagree 〇 Strongly disagree

  1. Which of the following increases the chances of your passing the examinations and getting a better job in the labor market?

〇 Standard English with an American or British accent 〇 Standard Kenyan English 〇 Kiswahili 〇 Ethnic languages 〇 Sheng

  1. Code-switching-15 items
  2. In which social group is code-switching observed most frequently?

〇 young people 〇 the aged 〇 educated people 〇 uneducated people

  1. Do you often switch between languages?

〇 Always 〇 Often 〇 Sometimes 〇 Rarely 〇 Never

  1. If so, why?

〇 It is cool. 〇 My friends do that too. 〇 Habitualization

  1. Does code-switching make you express yourself better?

〇 Yes 〇 Not really 〇 No

  1. It is desirable to code-switch during conversation or teaching.

〇 Yes 〇 Not really 〇 No

  1. Do you feel constrained not to switch between languages?

〇 Yes 〇 Not really 〇 No

  1. If so, in what situations and contexts do you feel constrained? Give some examples of those situations and contexts.
  2. What motivates Kenyans in general to engage themselves in code-switching? Give some examples of its social functions.
  3. Do you think switching between languages in the same conversation is favorably recognized in institutional and formal settings?

〇 Yes 〇 Not really 〇 No

  1. If not, what may be the reason behind it?
  2. Do you think code-switching is a socialization process?

〇 Yes 〇 Not really 〇 No

  1. I respect more/prefer when my lecturer teaches:

〇 Only in English 〇 Both in English and Kiswahili

  1. Code-switching occurs mainly and necessarily due to language proficiency limitations.

〇 Yes 〇 Not really 〇 No

  1. Code-switching is competent linguistic performance.

. 〇 Yes 〇 Not really 〇 No

  1. If not, is it your weakness/failure in the languages involved?

〇 Yes 〇 Not really 〇 No